问题是您没有要求权限：

authButton.setReadPermissions(Arrays.asList("user_likes", "user_status","email","user_birthday"));

但是，您使用的是较旧的Facebook
SDK，而最新的SDK是4.0。+。下面，我将基于最新的API为您提供Facebook登录的完整示例代码。请记住，developers.facebook如文档所述，您首先必须添加您的应用程序。

public class LoginActivity extends ActionBarActivity{

@Override
protected void onActivityResult(int requestCode, int responseCode, Intent data)
{
    super.onActivityResult(requestCode, responseCode, data);
    callbackManager.onActivityResult(requestCode, responseCode, data);
}

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState)
{
    super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
    FacebookSdk.sdkInitialize(this.getApplicationContext());
    setContentView(R.layout.activity_login);
    callbackManager = CallbackManager.Factory.create();
    loginButton = (LoginButton) findViewById(R.id.loginFaceBook_button);
    List<String> permissionNeeds = Arrays.asList("user_photos", "email", "user_birthday", "public_profile");
    loginButton.setReadPermissions(permissionNeeds);

    loginButton.registerCallback(callbackManager, new FacebookCallback<LoginResult>()
    {
        @Override
        public void onSuccess(LoginResult loginResult)
        {
            System.out.println("onSuccess");
            GraphRequest request = GraphRequest.newMeRequest
                    (loginResult.getAccessToken(), new GraphRequest.GraphJSONObjectCallback()
                    {
                        @Override
                        public void onCompleted(JSONObject object, GraphResponse response)
                        {
                            // Application code
                            Log.v("LoginActivity", response.toString());
                            //System.out.println("Check: " + response.toString());
                            try
                            {
                                String id = object.getString("id");
                                String name = object.getString("name");
                                String email = object.getString("email");
                                String gender = object.getString("gender");
                                String birthday = object.getString("birthday");
                                System.out.println(id + ", " + name + ", " + email + ", " + gender + ", " + birthday);
                            }
                            catch (JSONException e)
                            {
                                e.printStackTrace();
                            }

                        }
                    });
            Bundle parameters = new Bundle();
            parameters.putString("fields", "id,name,email,gender, birthday");
            request.setParameters(parameters);
            request.executeAsync();
        }

        @Override
        public void onCancel()
        {
            System.out.println("onCancel");
        }

        @Override
        public void onError(FacebookException exception)
        {
            System.out.println("onError");
            Log.v("LoginActivity", exception.getCause().toString());
        }
    });
  }
}

如果要使用Fragment而不是ActionBarActivity，只需loginButton.setFragment(this);在权限行之后添加即可。

manifest.xml：

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET"/> 
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION"/>
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION"/>
<application
    <!-- your other attrs..-->
    <meta-data
        android:name="com.facebook.sdk.ApplicationId"
        android:value="@string/app_id"/> <!-- Get this one from developers.facebook -->
    <activity
        android:name="com.facebook.FacebookActivity"
        android:configChanges="keyboard|keyboardHidden|screenLayout|screenSize|orientation"
        android:theme="@android:style/Theme.Translucent.NoTitleBar"
        android:label="@string/app_name"/>

您还将需要向您的应用程序添加一个 哈希键 。这是使用代码执行此操作的方法：

try
{
    //paste Your package name at the first parameter
    PackageInfo info = getPackageManager().getPackageInfo("PUT_YOUR_PACKAGE_NAME_HERE",
            PackageManager.GET_SIGNATURES);
    for (android.content.pm.Signature signature : info.signatures)
    {
        MessageDigest md = MessageDigest.getInstance("SHA");
        md.update(signature.toByteArray());
        String sign = Base64.encodeToString(md.digest(), Base64.DEFAULT);
        Log.e("MY KEY HASH:", sign);
        Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),sign,     Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
    }
}
catch (PackageManager.NameNotFoundException e)
{
}
catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e)
{
}

在将您的哈希键打印出来之后，您可以将其复制粘贴到您facebook.developer的项目所在的帐户中。

在grandle，你应该添加jcenter的repositories，也可以添加compile 'com.facebook.android:facebook-android-sdk:4.0.0'在dependecies。

buildscript {
repositories {
    jcenter()
}
dependencies {
    classpath 'com.android.tools.build:gradle:1.1.0'
    // NOTE: Do not place your application dependencies here; they belong
    // in the individual module build.gradle files
}
}
allprojects 
{
repositories {
    jcenter()
    /*more project attrs..*/
  }
}

还有另一个文件：

apply plugin: 'com.android.application'
android {
compileSdkVersion 21
buildToolsVersion "21.1.2"

defaultConfig {
    applicationId "YOUR_PACKAGE_NAME"
    minSdkVersion 14
    targetSdkVersion 21
    versionCode 1
    versionName "1.0"
}
buildTypes {
    release {
        minifyEnabled false
        proguardFiles getDefaultProguardFile('proguard-android.txt'), 'proguard-rules.pro'
    }
}
}dependencies {
compile fileTree(dir: 'libs', include: ['*.jar'])
compile 'com.android.support:appcompat-v7:21.0.3'
compile 'com.facebook.android:facebook-android-sdk:4.0.0'
}

编辑：

为了跟踪用户的位置，您将需要GPS跟踪器，类似这样。"user_location"权限不会返回lon, lat，而是返回Page对象，我认为这不是您想要的。因此，您的权限应该是List<String>permissionNeeds=Arrays.asList("user_photos", "email", "user_birthday","public_profile");，现在您应该能够检索用户的电子邮件