如何用好Python的切片操作?
a[start:stop] # items start through stop-1 a[start:] # items start through the rest of the array a[:stop] # items from the beginning through stop-1 a[:] # a copy of the whole array
a[start:stop:step] # start through not past stop, by step
要记住的关键点是该:stop值表示不在所选切片中的第一个值。所以,之间的差stop和start是选择的元素的数量(如果step是1,默认值)。
另一个功能是start或stop可能是负数,这意味着它从数组的末尾而不是开头开始计数。所以:
a[-1] # last item in the array a[-2:] # last two items in the array a[:-2] # everything except the last two items
a[::-1] # all items in the array, reversed a[1::-1] # the first two items, reversed a[:-3:-1] # the last two items, reversed a[-3::-1] # everything except the last two items, reversed
如果项目数量少于您的要求,Python对程序员很友好。例如,如果您要求a[:-2]并且a仅包含一个元素,则会得到一个空列表,而不是一个错误。有时您会更喜欢该错误,因此您必须意识到这种情况可能会发生。
[]上面的代码中实际上将切片运算符与slice()使用:符号的对象一起使用(仅在中有效[]),即:
[]
slice()
:
a[start:stop:step]
等效于:
a[slice(start, stop, step)]
切片对象也表现略有不同,这取决于参数的个数,同样range(),即两个slice(stop)和slice(start, stop[, step])支持。要跳过指定给定参数的操作,可以使用None,例如a[start:]等于a[slice(start, None)]或a[::-1]等于a[slice(None, None, -1)]。
range()
slice(stop)
slice(start, stop[, step])
a[start:]
a[slice(start, None)]
a[::-1]
a[slice(None, None, -1)]
尽管: 基于的符号对于简单切片非常有帮助,但是slice()对象的显式使用简化了切片的程序生成。
列举语法允许的可能性:
>>> seq[:] # [seq[0], seq[1], ..., seq[-1] ] >>> seq[low:] # [seq[low], seq[low+1], ..., seq[-1] ] >>> seq[:high] # [seq[0], seq[1], ..., seq[high-1]] >>> seq[low:high] # [seq[low], seq[low+1], ..., seq[high-1]] >>> seq[::stride] # [seq[0], seq[stride], ..., seq[-1] ] >>> seq[low::stride] # [seq[low], seq[low+stride], ..., seq[-1] ] >>> seq[:high:stride] # [seq[0], seq[stride], ..., seq[high-1]] >>> seq[low:high:stride] # [seq[low], seq[low+stride], ..., seq[high-1]]
当然,如果(high-low)%stride != 0,则终点将比稍低high-1。
(high-low)%stride != 0
high-1
如果stride为负,则由于我们递减计数,因此顺序有所更改:
stride
>>> seq[::-stride] # [seq[-1], seq[-1-stride], ..., seq[0] ] >>> seq[high::-stride] # [seq[high], seq[high-stride], ..., seq[0] ] >>> seq[:low:-stride] # [seq[-1], seq[-1-stride], ..., seq[low+1]] >>> seq[high:low:-stride] # [seq[high], seq[high-stride], ..., seq[low+1]]
扩展切片(带有逗号和省略号)通常仅由特殊的数据结构(如NumPy)使用;基本序列不支持它们。
>>> class slicee: ... def __getitem__(self, item): ... return repr(item) ... >>> slicee()[0, 1:2, ::5, ...] '(0, slice(1, 2, None), slice(None, None, 5), Ellipsis)'