一尘不染

Python-开箱,扩展开箱和嵌套扩展开箱

python

考虑这些表达式…请耐心等待…这是一个很长的清单…

(注意:有些表达式是重复的-只是为了表示一个“上下文”)

a, b = 1, 2                          # simple sequence assignment
a, b = ['green', 'blue']             # list asqignment
a, b = 'XY'                          # string assignment
a, b = range(1,5,2)                  # any iterable will do


                                     # nested sequence assignment

(a,b), c = "XY", "Z"                 # a = 'X', b = 'Y', c = 'Z' 

(a,b), c = "XYZ"                     # ERROR -- too many values to unpack
(a,b), c = "XY"                      # ERROR -- need more than 1 value to unpack

(a,b), c, = [1,2],'this'             # a = '1', b = '2', c = 'this'
(a,b), (c,) = [1,2],'this'           # ERROR -- too many values to unpack


                                     # extended sequence unpacking

a, *b = 1,2,3,4,5                    # a = 1, b = [2,3,4,5]
*a, b = 1,2,3,4,5                    # a = [1,2,3,4], b = 5
a, *b, c = 1,2,3,4,5                 # a = 1, b = [2,3,4], c = 5

a, *b = 'X'                          # a = 'X', b = []
*a, b = 'X'                          # a = [], b = 'X'
a, *b, c = "XY"                      # a = 'X', b = [], c = 'Y'
a, *b, c = "X...Y"                   # a = 'X', b = ['.','.','.'], c = 'Y'

a, b, *c = 1,2,3                     # a = 1, b = 2, c = [3]
a, b, c, *d = 1,2,3                  # a = 1, b = 2, c = 3, d = []

a, *b, c, *d = 1,2,3,4,5             # ERROR -- two starred expressions in assignment

(a,b), c = [1,2],'this'              # a = '1', b = '2', c = 'this'
(a,b), *c = [1,2],'this'             # a = '1', b = '2', c = ['this']

(a,b), c, *d = [1,2],'this'          # a = '1', b = '2', c = 'this', d = []
(a,b), *c, d = [1,2],'this'          # a = '1', b = '2', c = [], d = 'this'

(a,b), (c, *d) = [1,2],'this'        # a = '1', b = '2', c = 't', d = ['h', 'i', 's']

*a = 1                               # ERROR -- target must be in a list or tuple
*a = (1,2)                           # ERROR -- target must be in a list or tuple
*a, = (1,2)                          # a = [1,2]
*a, = 1                              # ERROR -- 'int' object is not iterable
*a, = [1]                            # a = [1]
*a = [1]                             # ERROR -- target must be in a list or tuple
*a, = (1,)                           # a = [1]
*a, = (1)                            # ERROR -- 'int' object is not iterable

*a, b = [1]                          # a = [], b = 1
*a, b = (1,)                         # a = [], b = 1

(a,b),c = 1,2,3                      # ERROR -- too many values to unpack
(a,b), *c = 1,2,3                    # ERROR - 'int' object is not iterable
(a,b), *c = 'XY', 2, 3               # a = 'X', b = 'Y', c = [2,3]


                                     # extended sequence unpacking -- NESTED

(a,b),c = 1,2,3                      # ERROR -- too many values to unpack
*(a,b), c = 1,2,3                    # a = 1, b = 2, c = 3

*(a,b) = 1,2                         # ERROR -- target must be in a list or tuple
*(a,b), = 1,2                        # a = 1, b = 2

*(a,b) = 'XY'                        # ERROR -- target must be in a list or tuple
*(a,b), = 'XY'                       # a = 'X', b = 'Y'

*(a, b) = 'this'                     # ERROR -- target must be in a list or tuple
*(a, b), = 'this'                    # ERROR -- too many values to unpack
*(a, *b), = 'this'                   # a = 't', b = ['h', 'i', 's']

*(a, *b), c = 'this'                 # a = 't', b = ['h', 'i'], c = 's'

*(a,*b), = 1,2,3,3,4,5,6,7           # a = 1, b = [2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]

*(a,*b), *c = 1,2,3,3,4,5,6,7        # ERROR -- two starred expressions in assignment
*(a,*b), (*c,) = 1,2,3,3,4,5,6,7     # ERROR -- 'int' object is not iterable
*(a,*b), c = 1,2,3,3,4,5,6,7         # a = 1, b = [2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6], c = 7
*(a,*b), (*c,) = 1,2,3,4,5,'XY'      # a = 1, b = [2, 3, 4, 5], c = ['X', 'Y']

*(a,*b), c, d = 1,2,3,3,4,5,6,7      # a = 1, b = [2, 3, 3, 4, 5], c = 6, d = 7
*(a,*b), (c, d) = 1,2,3,3,4,5,6,7    # ERROR -- 'int' object is not iterable
*(a,*b), (*c, d) = 1,2,3,3,4,5,6,7   # ERROR -- 'int' object is not iterable
*(a,*b), *(c, d) = 1,2,3,3,4,5,6,7   # ERROR -- two starred expressions in assignment


*(a,b), c = 'XY', 3                  # ERROR -- need more than 1 value to unpack
*(*a,b), c = 'XY', 3                 # a = [], b = 'XY', c = 3
(a,b), c = 'XY', 3                   # a = 'X', b = 'Y', c = 3

*(a,b), c = 'XY', 3, 4               # a = 'XY', b = 3, c = 4
*(*a,b), c = 'XY', 3, 4              # a = ['XY'], b = 3, c = 4
(a,b), c = 'XY', 3, 4                # ERROR -- too many values to unpack

你如何理解这种复杂性和混乱性。手工计算表达式的结果时,如何总是对的。或者,当阅读其他人的代码时,我应该只是忽略它们,而从不试图理解表达式的实际作用吗?


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2020-02-21

共1个答案

一尘不染

对于这篇文章的篇幅,我深表歉意,但我决定选择完整性。

一旦你了解了一些基本规则,就不难概括它们。我将尽力举例说明。由于你是在谈论“手工”评估,因此,我将建议一些简单的替换规则。基本上,如果所有可迭代对象的格式都相同,则可能会更容易理解表达式。

仅出于解压缩的目的,以下替换在()的右侧有效=(即,对于rvalues):

'XY' -> ('X', 'Y')
['X', 'Y'] -> ('X', 'Y')

如果发现值没有解包,则将撤消替换。(有关更多说明,请参见下文。)

另外,当你看到“裸”逗号时,请假装有一个顶级元组。在左侧和右侧都执行此操作(即,对于lvalues和rvalues):

'X', 'Y' -> ('X', 'Y')
a, b -> (a, b)

考虑到这些简单的规则,下面是一些示例:

(a,b), c = "XY", "Z"                 # a = 'X', b = 'Y', c = 'Z'

应用上述规则,我们将转换"XY"('X', 'Y'),并用括号覆盖裸逗号:

((a, b), c) = (('X', 'Y'), 'Z')

这里的视觉对应关系使分配工作原理非常明显。

这是一个错误的示例:

(a,b), c = "XYZ"

按照上述替换规则,我们得到以下内容:

((a, b), c) = ('X', 'Y', 'Z')

这显然是错误的;嵌套结构不匹配。现在,让我们来看一个稍微复杂的示例的工作方式:

(a,b), c, = [1,2],'this'             # a = '1', b = '2', c = 'this'

应用上述规则,我们得到

((a, b), c) = ((1, 2), ('t', 'h', 'i', 's'))

但是现在从结构上很明显,它’this’不会被解压缩,而是直接分配给c。因此,我们撤消替换。

((a, b), c) = ((1, 2), 'this')

现在,让我们看一下在包装c元组时会发生什么:

(a,b), (c,) = [1,2],'this'           # ERROR -- too many values to unpack

成为

((a, b), (c,)) = ((1, 2), ('t', 'h', 'i', 's'))

同样,该错误是显而易见的。c不再是裸变量,而是序列中的变量,因此右侧的相应序列被解包为(c,)。但是序列的长度不同,因此会出现错误。

现在使用*操作员扩展拆箱。这有点复杂,但仍然相当简单。*开头的变量将成为一个列表,其中包含相应序列中未分配给变量名称的所有项目。从一个非常简单的示例开始:

a, *b, c = "X...Y"                   # a = 'X', b = ['.','.','.'], c = 'Y'

这变成

(a, *b, c) = ('X', '.', '.', '.', 'Y')

分析此问题的最简单方法是从头开始工作。’X’被分配给a并’Y’分配给c。序列中的其余值将放入列表中并分配给b。

Lvalue像(a, b)和(a, b)只是上述情况的特例。一个左值序列内不能有两个运算符,因为这会造成歧义。该值会去哪里在这样的事情(a, b, *c, d)-在b或c?一会儿我将考虑嵌套案例。

*a = 1                               # ERROR -- target must be in a list or tuple

这里的错误是不言自明的。目标(*a)必须位于元组中。

*a, = (1,2)                          # a = [1,2]

这是有效的,因为有一个赤裸的逗号。正在应用规则…

(*a,) = (1, 2)

由于除之外没有其他变量a,a所以将rvalue序列中的所有值都吸收掉。如果(1, 2)用单个值替换,该怎么办?

*a, = 1                              # ERROR -- 'int' object is not iterable

变成

(*a,) = 1

同样,这里的错误是不言自明的。你不能解压缩不是序列的*a东西,而需要解压缩东西。所以我们把它放在一个序列中

*a, = [1]                            # a = [1]

相当于

(*a,) = (1,)

最后,这是一个常见的混淆点:(1)与1- 一样,你需要使用逗号将元组与算术语句区分开。

*a, = (1)                            # ERROR -- 'int' object is not 

现在进行嵌套。实际上,此示例不在你的“嵌套”部分中;也许你没有意识到它是嵌套的?

(a,b), *c = 'XY', 2, 3               # a = 'X', b = 'Y', c = [2,3]
成为

((a, b), *c) = (('X', 'Y'), 2, 3)

就像我们所期望的那样,顶级元组中的第一个值被分配,而顶级元组(2和3)中的其余值被分配给c。

(a,b),c = 1,2,3                      # ERROR -- too many values to unpack
*(a,b), c = 1,2,3                    # a = 1, b = 2, c = 3

我已经在上面解释了为什么第一行引发错误。第二行很愚蠢,但这是它起作用的原因:

(*(a, b), c) = (1, 2, 3)

如前所述,我们从头开始。3被分配给c,然后将剩余的值被分配给具有可变*它前面,在这种情况下,(a, b)。因此,这等效于(a, b) = (1, 2),由于元素数量正确,因此之所以起作用。我不认为这会在工作代码中出现任何原因。同样,

*(a, *b), c = 'this'                 # a = 't', b = ['h', 'i'], c = 's'
变成

(*(a, *b), c) = ('t', 'h', 'i', 's')

从头开始工作,’s’分配给c,并(‘t’, ‘h’, ‘i’)分配给(a, *b)。从头开始再次工作,’t’被分配给a,并被(‘h’, ‘i’)分配给b作为列表。这是另一个愚蠢的示例,永远不要出现在工作代码中。

2020-02-21