这将产生您想要的结果：

select
  id,
  ayear,
  byear,
  yeardiff
from
(
  select
    a.id,
    a.year ayear,
    b.year byear,
    (b.year - a.year)+1 yeardiff,
    dense_rank() over (partition by a.id order by (b.year - a.year) desc) rank
  from
    years a
    join years b on a.id = b.id 
        and b.year > a.year
  where
    b.year - a.year = 
      (select count(*)-1
         from years a1
        where a.id = a1.id
             and a1.year between a.year and b.year)
)
where
  rank = 1

编辑 已更新，以显示最长延伸的开始/结束年份。

SQLFiddle