textBox1.Background = Brushes.Blue;
textBox1.Foreground = Brushes.Yellow;

WPF前景和背景类型System.Windows.Media.Brush。您可以像这样设置其他颜色：

using System.Windows.Media;

textBox1.Background = Brushes.White;
textBox1.Background = new SolidColorBrush(Colors.White);
textBox1.Background = new SolidColorBrush(Color.FromArgb(0xFF, 0xFF, 0, 0));
textBox1.Background = System.Windows.SystemColors.MenuHighlightBrush;